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Prononciation du ED :

Exercices prétérit

Queen Victoria
1819-1901
became Queen at 18, in 1837, and reigned until her death
became Emperess of India in 1861
married her cousin Albert and had 9 children, and 42 grand-children -> is called "the grand-mother of Europe"

United Kingdom and the British Empire
- the largest, richest and most powerful empire in world history (Asia, America, Australia, Africa...)
- a quarter of the world’s population lived in the empire
- Unfortunately for Britain, World War I destroyed many monarchies and empires
- slave trade also disappeared at that time
- 1850 = 14 million people in the UK ; 1900 = 32 million people (thanks to less infant mortality and better life conditions)
Factories and mines

- new machines in factories -> more and more people had no jobs
- children worked there too, but were paid less than adults even if they worked as long as them - children often had dangerous jobs
- holidays didn't exist before
- many social reforms appeared because the work in factories was horrible
Industrial Revolution
= machines created to make work more easily
- steam engines = the biggest change
- coal, iron and steel were very important. Britain had a lot of these, and became very rich by trading them.
School and access to culture
- before the Victorian era, most people in Britain could read or write ; Queen Victoria believed that education should be for all, and by the end of her reign going to school was compulsory (= obligatoire) for everyone
- rich kids had private teachers, or went to famous schools ; poor children went to work.
- before, books were just for learning. Now books are for fun as well (Alice in Wonderland, the Jungle book...)
- sports were invented (football, rugby...)
- free libraries opened ; museums, art galleries and music halls started to open in major cities

Life of the poor people
- overcrowded houses, in bad repair
- bad hygiene, no medicine
- very poor people went to workhouses (= maisons de travail), where they could have food and shelter in exchange for unpaid or lowpaid jobs ; families were often separated

Transports and scientific discoveries
- invention of the train -> all major cities connected by railways
- healthcare improved
- more than 15000km of railways were built in the country
- photography, bicycle, telephone, electric light bulb were invented
- bacterias were discovered, and hygiene in hospitals developed. Before, people often got sick when going to the hospital...
- antiseptics, sterilizing medical instruments, washing hands

Development of cities
- lots of people moving to cities to find work. For the first time in world history, more people lived in cities than in the countryside
- poor people in slums
- hygiene in streets complicated, big infant mortality rate
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